modeling agents Thalidomide molecular model plus size bikini
modeling agents GRÃNENTHAL in advance of the thalidomide disaster GRÃNENTHAL talks about the history of the thalidomide disaster as follows: \"1954 GRÃNENTHAL received in West Germany, a patent for this substance [thalidomide] were at this time for the development of drugs prescribed standards completely different than today Specific legal provisions to protect.. patients were, as they are today, there at that time in West Germany. Rather was the principle of self-monitoring. \" The company describes the applicable legal situation in Germany. But this is only a partial truth. Because the legal standards the standards already achieved and possible lagged significantly behind in the pharmacological testing of drugs. The standards of teratology research (studying causes of malformations in embryos due to environmental factors) were developed at that time far. Thus, in scientific circles in the fifties already known that chemical substances and drugs to overcome the placental barrier and can lead to damage of the embryo. For this reason, it was a generally accepted rule that the tax should also be well-tested drugs to women during the first trimester of pregnancy only after careful observation. This rule has violated GRÃNENTHAL detectable. Drugs that overcome the placental barrier can be made even exploited. GRÃNENTHAL had his first big commercial success with the industrial production of penicillin. This substance was, for example, in pregnant women infected with syphilis used because they could heal in addition to the expectant mother at the same time the risk of infection unborn life. Due to this active link, the indictment went on thalidomide criminal believes that \"it was known in pregnancy at the company GRÃNENTHAL the problem of drug taking\", as Beatrice Kirk, who has written the definitive work on the thalidomide scandal notes. With thalidomide, it was a completely new product with an entirely new chemical active substance. GRÃNENTHAL would be an appropriate examination, whether thalidomide (ie, the active substance in thalidomide) overcomes the placental barrier, have been introduced to the market without any problems. This would have required a simple experiment that would have taken little time to complete. He would incur additional costs for GRÃNENTHAL that should obviously be avoided. Beate Kirk also confirmed that the pharmaceutical industry, \"such studies probably mainly for cost reasons, only rarely\" conducted. GRÃNENTHAL writes: The drug thalidomide. \"Seemed to be particularly well tolerated did not lead to dependency and suicide was inappropriate for the content of the advertisements for the product corresponded to the state of contemporary knowledge of all experts.\" That the drug to be particularly compatible \"seemed,\" was at least in the initial period after market introduction certainly the generally prevailing impression - not uncommon among female consumers themselves This was, however, over time, significantly different, as the increasing since 1959, evidence of nerve damage and show abnormalities. The statement to the advertising claims of the company is to contradict the other hand, clearly. The ads speak of a \"safe drug\". On the leaflet there is the formulation, the agent is \"completely harmless\". Even in letters to doctors and pharmacists, the company uses words like \"safety\", \"complete non-toxicity,\" \"absolutely safe\". The security that mediate these statements is completely misleading. The time until then conducted pharmacological and clinical studies had more than justifies the statement that a toxic effect on the basis of the studies was not observed. But: Such a formulation would be a convincing selling point was probably too vague. That GRÃNENTHAL had great doubts of the August shows 1957th At this point, and thus two months before the launch of thalidomide approached an employee of the former research director of GRÃNENTHAL with the request to the Director of the University Women\'s Clinic in Bonn, to conduct a clinical trial of thalidomide to pregnant women. This request was not followed by the Department of principle, the process clearly shows, however, that GRÃNENTHAL here saw a threat. This enabled the existing doubts are not allayed. Still throws GRÃNENTHAL the drug on the market - with the aforementioned, no doubt, authorizing advertising messages. A year later, thalidomide is still not point out to test whether it overcomes the placental barrier, GRÃNENTHAL thalidomide in a first applied to the Letter dated August 1958 to 40 245 doctors in private practice as follows: \"During pregnancy and lactation, the female organism specific strain. Insomnia, inner restlessness and Abgespanntsein are recurring complaints. The prescription of a sedative and hypnotic that harms neither mother nor child is therefore often necessary. [The woman physician Augustin] Blasiu was administered at a gynecological department and in the obstetric practice of a large number of patients thalidomide and thalidomide forte. \" A lie? Dr. Augustine Blasiu later declared to have never thalidomide administered to pregnant women and only found out in 1964 by the outrageous statement for him Grünenthal. Conclusion: Without having explored so as thalidomide, whether this completely new drug to overcome the placental barrier or not, applied GRÃNENTHAL their product as thalidomide - even during pregnancy - completely harmless, nontoxic and harmless. For laymen, that is the end user, Thalidomide and thalidomide forte was at least 31 July 1961 still available over the counter in pharmacies in some states, even up to the withdrawal in November 1961. Only after GRÃNENTHAL before the withdrawal again confronted with the criticism expressed by Professor Dr. Lenz does, thalidomide had caused deformities in newborns, the company is finally, by the urgent need for animal experiments. The result: \"The results show that thalidomide penetrates in mice and rats under the chosen experimental conditions, the placental barrier.\" Dr. R. Beckmann, former head of the department of biochemical and isotope GRÃNENTHAL